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Libeskind and Gehry free Toronto from the dry functionality of modernism
William Thorsell – The Globe and Mail
On Oct. 10, Daniel Libeskind will be in Toronto for a “topping off” ceremony at the L Tower, a startling 57-storey condominium at Yonge and Front streets. Six years ago, Mr. Libeskind was in town to top off the Michael Lee-Chin Crystal at the Royal Ontario Museum (where I was then director). It’s becoming a habit.
These radical buildings are generating debate in Canada’s premiere city, which is fine. But, even better, they are helping to liberate Toronto from the intellectual girdle of a spent architectural age defined by the International style. David Mirvish proves the case with his dramatic proposal to create a monumental cultural and residential precinct at King and John streets, designed by an unbridled Frank Gehry.
The International style in architecture was born of the Bauhaus movement in Germany after the First World War, rooted in values that sought “radically simplified forms … rationality and functionality, and the idea that mass production was reconcilable with the individual artistic spirit.” (Wikipedia is quite good at describing this, noting the probable contradiction between “mass production” and individuality.)
The core idea in the International style was “less is more,” adopted and preached by its leading practitioner Mies van der Rohe, a German architect who decamped to Chicago in the 1930s. It embraced ideals of efficiency, reason and utility. It was, in essence, an ideology – an ideology akin to Puritanism, hostile to adornment, humour or “waste.” It was an expression of the Machine Age, ascetic industrialism triumphant over the romanticism of art deco, which competed alongside the Bauhaus for 15 years after 1925. The International style in architecture ultimately prevailed in its low-cost discipline to become, famously and infamously, the Architecture of the Box.
Some boxes are better than others. Mies van der Rohe’s were the best. As in any period of architecture, you will find wonderful and awful examples of the genre. The International style produced some of the most sublime forms, spaces and relationships in the history of art. Among them is the two-storey banking hall at Mies van der Rohe’s excellent TD Centre in Toronto, still the most beautiful room in the city, though not the most interesting.
The International style also produced endless trash in postwar London and provincial cities in North America and beyond. The Miesian “box” almost invites low-cost knockoffs because its basic requirements are so few. It is a short distance from efficient to cheap, from “less” to mean. The International style facilitated dross, not uncommon to ideologies of any stripe, but in the length of its teeth alone, its time has come.
(The last great gasp of modernism was Yoshio Taniguchi’s reiteration of the Museum of Modern Art – MOMA – in New York in 2004. How perfect was this? The climax of a century’s ideology in modernist architecture at the epicentre of modernism.)
Where is Toronto now?
Toronto remains dedicated to the International style, in part because it is cheap to design and build, but out of conviction too. (The forest of new condos along Lake Ontario south of Front Street is almost homogeneous in its modernity, and thus cloying.) A so-called Toronto School of modernist architects has arisen, much admired, bringing more sensual pleasure to the strict functionality of the modernist ideal. The best of them – Hariri Pontarini, KPMB, Shim-Sutcliffe, Architects Alliance – create lovely forms and spaces in the modernist style, with an eye to luxe materials and indulgent foils in curves and visual effects. This is modernism in its maturity, letting go a bit, and it often works very well indeed. It will continue to pass the test of time.
However, Toronto, like London and New York, is now moving beyond modernism to embrace a new global spirit in architecture. It is smartly captured by Denmark’s bad-boy architectural star, Bjarke Ingels, who riffs off Mies van der Rohe’s “Less is more” to say that “Yes is more.” (His firm’s name is BIG; their URL is, perforce, big.dk. New era, eternal appeal.) He is saying yes to more than efficiency; yes to more than deference to the status quo.
The modernists’ insistence that form follow function was deeply informed by efficiency.
The “new architecture” keeps function at its centre, but defines function far beyond economics. Function is not only efficiency. Function is delight; function is complexity; function is surprise; function is contemplation; function is provocation; function is aggression; function is poetry; function is mystery; function is doubt; function is love. These are the “functions” of art itself, embracing the whole canvas of human experience and aspiration – “artitecture” unbound from the industrial ethic alone.
In fact, before the important architectural events of this decade, Toronto reached beyond the International style in several striking moments in its history. It did so when the case for symbolic power cried out for much more than another anonymous box fading into the background. The most amazing of these exceptions is Toronto City Hall, the result of an international competition in 1958 that chose the little-known Finnish architect Viljo Revell to build two facing towers, oft compared to hands cradling something – a circular building that has come to be known as “the clam shell” – fronting an expansive square on Queen Street. This blatant exception to the International style came to symbolize Toronto as a place of unusual creativity and potential (against all odds).
Subsequent years saw the arresting rise of the majestic CN Tower, Ontario Place and the Eaton Centre (by Eb Zeidler) – all outside modernism looking in, but delivering potent symbolism to a city without a hill, whose lovely lake hid beyond a wasteland of rail yards and freeways. Almost alone in the context of modernism, these rare structures carried the burden of giving Toronto particularity – a sense that there is, in fact, a here here. (Victorian neighbourhoods provided the other defining grace.)
And now the dam is breaking. Will Alsop’s “tabletop” structure for OCAD University broke the mould in 2004. It’s a charming pop-art plaisanterie perfectly suited to the subversive nature of the school. In 2007, Mr. Libeskind’s design for the ROM brought an intensity and poetic sensibility to bear on Bloor Street of almost unbearable force (outside and in). It parted the curtain on a new face of beauty, as intellectually and psychologically challenging as anything built in Toronto before or since – as much origami as a crystal.
Last year, in Mississauga, two beautifully curvaceous “Marilyn Monroe” condo towers designed by Chinese architect Yansong Ma appeared, the result of a rare international competition. This month, Mr. Libeskind’s second major building in Toronto reaches its height at Yonge and Front – a yearning, leaning, inquiring form that draws the mind to wonder.
David Mirvish is bringing Frank Gehry back to Toronto just in time to do something with full conviction near the end of his important career. (Mr. Gehry’s work at the Art Gallery of Ontario was substantially limited by context, however fine that building’s specific attributes.) In Mr. Mirvish’s project, the juxtaposition of exuberant street-level forms with three proudly tall, “irrationally” sculpted towers for housing makes its neighbours seem old – as does the L Tower, which makes so much around it seem like the product of an ideology, rather than an individual, the product of a system rather than a soul.
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Contact the Jeffrey Team for more information – 416−388−1960
Laurin & Natalie Jeffrey are Toronto Realtors with Century 21 Regal Realty.
They did not write these articles, they just reproduce them here for people
who are interested in Toronto real estate. They do not work for any builders.
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Toronto’s five new luxury hotels
Over the next couple of years, this city will get five new luxury hotels. It starts with the Thompson, which opens its high-concept doors this month and promises to be ground zero for the beautiful people
Maryam Sanati – Toronto Life
Lately, King West is an urban cloud nine: designer condos, old brick studio spaces, fantastic carpaccio. Only 15 years ago, no one had much reason to venture down here—not for work, not to live, not for a dining scene, because there wasn’t one. There were no ad agencies, no Susur Lee joints, no Spoke Club and certainly no boutique hotels. But now the dozen or so blocks bounded by Spadina and Bathurst, from Adelaide down to Wellington, are a humming, self-sustaining ecosystem—a model of how to retrofit a vintage downtown neighbourhood.
Real estate agents call this part of town King West Village, a handle the locals find too artificial to pass their lips, especially considering the place isn’t yet fully formed. At every turn, there’s a construction site, or a gaping hole in the ground, or a lot with a target on its back, almost all of them bearing the same signage: an artful graphic in lower case letters saying “freed.” It’s not an existentialist statement; “Freed” stands for Peter Freed, the Forest Hill–bred developer who has nine projects on the go in the area. No one has been a bigger catalyst of the evolution of King West, or capitalized on it more, than Freed. His real estate portfolio, mainly condos, is worth $1 billion, and much of it is geared to a highly specific breed: a 35-ish, design-obsessed demographic that wears Japanese denim, listens to Phoenix, works in advertising or banking or consults in high tech, travels often and widely, and stays at properties designed by Ian Schrager, the Manhattan entrepreneur often credited with founding the boutique hotel genre. In King West, Freed has prepared a landing strip for these hipster high flyers (and those who aspire to become them). They’re not rich, necessarily. Their ambition is to be tastefully in the know.
For them, Freed has invested in a crowning achievement, a gleefully anticipated light box on Wellington: the 102-room Thompson Toronto, which is scheduled to open its high-concept doors this month.
The Thompson Toronto is the first international arm of a New York brand, and it comes to a city that’s been slow to embrace its kind. Boutiques or “genre hotels” pour art and fashion from a cocktail shaker. Guests see them as anti-generic, even though many are now multinational chains. The best of them become cultural hubs, a scene of art shows and film screenings staffed by modelesque bartenders. The American hotelier André Balazs calls his boutique chain The Standard, presumably since that’s what it wants to be: the measure of vitality.
Montreal saw the rise of boutiques in the early 2000s while the Toronto hotel market stood relatively still (unless you count the massive overhaul of the Windsor Arms, which had closed a tatty shell in 1991 and reopened elegantly in 1999). The last real estate bubble made investors skittish, and the city’s inferiority complex fed the reticence. Were we world class? Not enough to deserve a bunch of nice hotels. Now, the GTA has swagger: a population boom, a cultural rebirth to flesh out its merits as a destination, and foreign investors snapping up our real estate.
In the first blush of these changes, well before the economy turned, developers began planning several hotel projects to keep in step with the growth. The Ritz-Carlton, the new Four Seasons, the Trump International and the Shangri-La should be completed by 2012, at which point the city will have more than 1,000 new luxury rooms to rent. The big four will be considered five-stars, in the rankings of the hotel world. (Until now, Toronto’s only five-star has been the two-year-old Hazelton Hotel in Yorkville.) They come with altitude, ranging from 52 to 66 storeys.
At least a third of each of these structures will be reserved for private residences, the condominiums that make the developments possible. Banks are extremely reluctant to loan money for stand-alone hotels, deemed too costly and risky; pre-selling condos not only helps developers get financing, but their revenue boosts hotel operations in troubled times. The condo owners also provide hotels with an indigenous population.

Toronto’s five new luxury hotels
Private residences cater to a velvet-robe-and-slippers crowd that wants the elevator-ride availability of a concierge and full-service spa, not to mention access to maids and room service. Those perks are selling points at the Thompson, too. And they’ll be a strategic piece of the King Edward Hotel, bought this past March by a group of owners headed by the Israeli-born developer Gil Blutrich. (A vast revamp is in the works.) It’s also the plan for Bisha, a 41-storey boutique development on Blue Jays Way led by the nightclub impresario Charles Khabouth.
As for cost, Thompson’s condos run about $600 a square foot, while hotel guests will be asked to pay $300 or so a night. The five-stars have found buyers willing to pay $1,500 a square foot and, when they’re completed, will drive up the threshold for room rates to well over $500 a night. And up and up and up until, who knows, a decade from now, we might lament the folly of new hoteliers in a saturated market. But for now, Toronto is open for business.
Peter Freed was a born entrepreneur, if you ask his mother, Hazel, who says he’s been selling stuff since he was in kindergarten. “When he was five,” she recalls, “Peter made about 20 paintings, took them around the neighbourhood in his little red wagon, and sold them all.” His father was a lawyer, and the young Freed would interrogate his dad’s clients when they came to the house: “My name is Peter Freed. What do you do?” At age seven or eight, he marshalled neighbourhood pals to collect tools, wood and five-inch nails. He outlined the specs of a fort, and it was built in a day.
To earn money as a teen, he hauled boxes as a shipper-receiver for a King West jeans company and, in his early 20s, laboured for a contractor. Working on subdivision construction in the outer suburbs, he saved $75,000 and invested it in building townhouses in North York. After that project, he was officially a developer, and another 1,000 townhouses soon followed.
Freed had always liked the buildings around the Rotterdam pub, a ’90s institution on King West, and it was here that he saw possibilities. Freed Developments opened its King West headquarters four years ago. His mom works for him now, from time to time. “I call myself the factotum,” she says jokingly. Right now, she’s organizing an office move.
An understated guy—not the egomaniacal cowboy that’s often the caricature of a developer—Freed knows his limitations. The Thompson is his first hotel, which is why he partnered in the deal with Tony Cohen, who in 1998 founded a restaurant-and-hotel investment and management company called Global Edge. Though Cohen’s experience in hotels isn’t vast, he has been through good cycles and bad since opening Toronto’s Hotel le Germain—one of the city’s earliest boutiques—in 2003 with the Germain family, seasoned Quebec-based hoteliers. Cohen is 37 years old, a former Montrealer with movie-star looks and an affable way. He wears Pal Zileri made-to-measure and is fixated on the finer points of design—in other words, he’s exactly the Thompson demographic.
Freed, who’s 41, has aesthetic interests, too. His penthouse atop 66 Portland Avenue—his first real estate development in the area—is 6,600 meticulous square feet, half of that space a terrace with a pool. He has said that his company caters to “a downtown, design-oriented, play-hard, work-hard, fashion-savvy buyer”—cheesy but accurate—and his corporate tag line is “design based development.” He has hired local fashion designers, including Bustle and Smythe, to decorate floors of Fashion House, his loft development at 560 King West. But his personal style is more casual than Cohen’s. He wears jeans, an untucked dress shirt and, on the afternoon I met with him, the look of heartburn on his face. He was just days away from the birth of his first child, a son named Rowan, and a matter of weeks away from the opening of the Thompson. “I have a lot of nights when I’m thinking about the project,” he said, “tossing and turning, half asleep, half awake.”
The Thompson hotel and condos, which will cost roughly $50 million to build, had already broken ground by the time the economy faltered in the fall of 2008. By the following year, occupancy levels in Toronto had reached a low of 60%, while hotel rates fell by nine%. Hotels measure success on a factor called Revpar, or revenue per available room, and in 2009, that measure fell by 16.3% to $75—pretty much a nightmare scenario. This year, things are looking up, but only by a point or two. The business is immensely dependent on the long term, on sustaining a following even when the initial opening buzz dies down, on a solid business travel market, and on riding out whatever calamity the world economic order brings.
So much is up to the gods. But what Freed and Cohen can control is the style of the place. Just look at the way Jeff Stober mashed up boutique cool at the Drake on Queen West. The Thompson, for its part, has Freed’s trademark “live hard, play hard” way about it, which fits King West, though it suggests a cutoff age of about 45. As the “manifesto” of the Thompson group explains, the hotels are created for “good-looking revolutionaries” who “collect Hiroshi Sugimoto photographs, vintage Zippo lighters, matchbooks from cafés, quotes and, one day, Basquiat.” Those who don’t naturally identify with these associations might just as happily take this as a recipe for how to build a personality.
Like the Ritz, the Trump and the rest, the Thompson has had a long incubation—six years—during which money was secured, deals closed, designs made, and enough residences sold to enable construction. To date, Freed and Cohen have found buyers for 315 of the 336 Thompson condos at 550 Wellington. Freed has also bought a nearby lot, formerly a Travelodge motel, where 315 more Thompson Residences are now for sale. That makes a total of 651 Thompson condos to 102 hotel rooms, which means this is fundamentally a residential development with a boutique hotel piece, rather than vice versa.
When they came together, Freed and Cohen were preoccupied with the food and beverage rudiments of the hotel, and they travelled widely for research—Manhattan, L.A., Paris. They knew they’d have to offer something special. King West is flush with options (Marc Thuet, Rodney the oyster guy, Le Sélect Bistro, and so on), so for the all-important culinary benchmark, Freed and Cohen decided to bring in Scarpetta, an outpost of Scott Conant’s high-Italian New York restaurant. It will be one of three on the property, along with a chic 24-hour diner and a 150-seat offshoot of the Muskoka-based sushi spot Wabora.
These guys have a sharp sense of how their demographic works. The Thompson brand is a strong hook. Their target will have stayed at 60 Thompson or Smyth Tribeca in New York, or have read about it. They will have eaten at Scarpetta, or have heard about it. And as much as they’d never admit it, the idea of New York coming to them—mountain to Mohammed—makes them weak-kneed. Taking their Sugimoto-loving selves for mac-and-cheese in the diner at 3 a.m. is a plus.
Then there’s the Thompson’s look: a glowing white underlit bar in the lobby, canopied by a hand-blown glass-and-bronze chandelier; distressed wide-plank floorboards from Europe; modernist furnishings from names you read in Wallpaper; a plush 40-seat Hollywood mogul–style screening room; leather-wrapped and mirrored walls in the penthouse suite; a rooftop infinity pool and bar; and on street level, next to a dramatic “dining pavilion” and facing the historic Victoria Memorial Park, a reflective pool in summer that becomes an ice rink in winter. (I still recall the day I bought a tuna sandwich from the Globe and Mail cafeteria and walked to this park, then desolate and depressing, and had the loneliest 20 minutes of my life. Times have changed.)
Most idiosyncratic of all is a 125-by-12-foot, hand-painted lobby mural produced by the Philippe Starck of Spain, Javier Mariscal. A Valencian artist and designer of landscapes and interiors, Mariscal is considered a branding auteur by his corporate clients, which included the Barcelona Olympic Games. The piece for the Thompson is an interpretation of the Toronto skyline, set on a jet-black background, with the buildings painted in luminous white strokes, almost like lightning flashes. Every few feet, the mural will go 3-D, so that certain buildings will appear to punch free from the wall, as if breaking out of the municipal grid. The piece, in Tony Cohen’s words, takes this “ever-expanding skyline and reinterprets it in a whimsical way without losing the seriousness of it.”
Cohen says the partners spent “well into the six figures” to light the art and design features of the hotel, so an illuminated mural will be visible to passersby on Wellington. Cohen and Freed think that everyone who arrives at the Thompson’s doorstep—and not just overnight guests, but you and I and the next-door neighbour—might linger over the piece to pick out their touchstones and landmarks. Another invention, then, from this part of King West: boutique civic pride.
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Contact the Jeffrey Team for more information - 416−388−1960
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